Many laser operators are not sure what is meant by energy density or fluence. They should know this as it is fundamental to generating good clinical outcomes.
Here’s a video I made explaining how to calculate ED/fluence…
I started in medical lasers in 1986! I have been involved in clinical research, medical laser and IPL development, sales and marketing across Europe and South East Asia, business start-ups, theoretical research into laser-tissue interactions, training course development, writing articles for peer-reviewed journals and industry magazines plus I play bass guitar in a rock 'n' roll band too!!
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